Advertisement
Review Article|Articles in Press

Aggressive Cutaneous Lymphomas and Their Mimics

Published:March 10, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.path.2023.01.009

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Surgical Pathology Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Willemze R.
        • Vergier B.
        • Duncan L.M.
        Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
        in: Swerdlow S.H. Campo E. Harris N.L. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue. 4th edition. IARC Press, Lyon2017: 202-204 (Revised)
        • Grange F.
        • Beylot-Barry M.
        • Courville P.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type: clinicopathologic features and prognostic analysis in 60 cases.
        Arch Dermatol. 2007; 143: 1144-1150
        • Ekmekci T.R.
        • Koslu A.
        • Sakiz D.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, presented with a migratory lesion.
        J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007; 21: 1000-1001
        • Massone C.
        • Fink-Puches R.
        • Wolf I.
        • et al.
        Atypical clinicopathologic presentation of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 1016-1020
        • Hu S.
        • Xi-Monette Z.Y.
        • Tzankov A.
        • et al.
        MYC/BCL2 protein coexpression contributes to the inferior survival of activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and demonstrates high-risk gene expression signatures: a report from The International DLBCL Rituximab-SHOP Consortium Program.
        Blood. 2013; 121: 4021-4031
        • Plaza J.A.
        • Kacerovska D.
        • Stockman D.L.
        • et al.
        The histomorphologic spectrum of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study of 79 cases.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2011; 33 ([quiz; 656-658]): 649-955
        • Gronbaeck K.
        • Moller P.H.
        • Nedergaard
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: a clinical, histopathological, phenotypic and genotypic study of 21 cases.
        Br J Dermatol. 2000; 142: 913-923
        • Kodama K.
        • Massone C.
        • Chott A.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas: clinicopathologic features, classification, and prognostic factors in a large series of patients.
        Blood. 2005; 106: 2491-2497
        • Senff N.J.
        • Hoefnagel J.J.
        • Jansen P.M.
        • et al.
        Reclassification of 300 primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas according to the new WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas: comparison with previous classifications and identification of prognostic markers.
        J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25: 1581-1587
        • Hoefnagel J.J.
        • Vermeer M.H.
        • Jansen P.M.
        • et al.
        Bcl-2, Bcl-6 and CD10 expression in cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: further support for a follicle centre cell origin and differential diagnostic significance.
        Br J Dermatol. 2003; 149: 1183-1191
        • Herrera E.
        • Gallardo M.
        • Bosch R.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous CD30 (Ki-1)-positive non-anaplastic B-cell lymphoma.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2002; 29: 181-184
        • Magro C.M.
        • Nash J.W.
        • Werling R.W.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous CD30+ large cell B-cell lymphoma: a series of 10 cases.
        Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2006; 14: 7-11
        • Hu S.
        • Xu-Monette Z.Y.
        • Balasubramanyam A.
        • et al.
        CD30 expression defines a novel subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with favorable prognosis and distinct gene expression signature: a report from the International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study.
        Blood. 2013; 121: 2715
        • Felcht M.
        • Heck M.
        • Weiss C.
        • et al.
        Expression of the T-cell regulatory marker FOXP3 in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma tumour cells.
        Br J Dermatol. 2012; 167: 348-358
        • Pham-Ledard A.
        • Cappellen D.
        • Martinez F.
        • et al.
        MYD88 somatic mutation is a genetic feature of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132: 2118-2120
        • Menguy S.
        • Gros A.
        • Pham-Ledard A.
        • et al.
        MYD88 somatic mutation is a diagnostic criterion in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2016; 136: 1741-1744
        • Koens L.
        • Zoutman W.H.
        • Ngarmlertsirichai P.
        • et al.
        Nuclear factor-κB pathway-activating gene aberrancies in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2014; 134: 290-292
        • Mareschal S.
        • Pham-Ledard A.
        • Viailly P.J.
        • et al.
        Identification of somatic mutations in primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type by massive parallel sequencing.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: 1984-1994
        • Zhou X.A.
        • Louissaint Jr., A.
        • Wenzel A.
        • et al.
        Genomic analyses identify recurrent alterations in immune evasion genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2018; 138: 2365-2376
        • Gimenez S.
        • Costa C.
        • Espinet B.
        • et al.
        Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas.
        Exp Dermatol. 2005; 14: 883-890
        • Dijkman R.
        • Tensen C.P.
        • Jordanova E.S.
        • et al.
        Array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis reveals recurrent chromosomal alterations and prognostic parameters in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma.
        J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24: 296-305
        • Senff N.J.
        • Zoutman W.H.
        • Vermeer M.H.
        • et al.
        Fine-mapping chromosomal loss at 9p21: correlation with prognosis in primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129: 1149-1155
        • Pham-Ledard A.
        • Prochazkova-Carlotti M.
        • Vergier B.
        • et al.
        IRF4 expression without IRF4 rearrangement is a general feature of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 1470-1472
        • Espinet B.
        • García-Herrera A.
        • Gallardo F.
        • et al.
        FOXP1 molecular cytogenetics and protein expression analyses in primary cutaneous large B cell lymphoma, leg-type.
        Histol Histopathol. 2011; 26: 213-221
        • Pham-Ledard A.
        • Prochazkova-Carlotti M.
        • Andrique L.
        • et al.
        Multiple genetic alterations in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma, leg type support a common lymphomagenesis with activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
        Mod Pathol. 2014; 27: 402-411
        • Schrader A.M.R.
        • Jansen P.M.
        • Vermeer M.H.
        • et al.
        High incidence and clinical significance of MYC rearrangements in primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2018; 42: 1488-1494
        • Menguy S.
        • Frison E.
        • Prochazkova-Carlotti M.
        • et al.
        Double-hit or dual expression of MYC and BCL2 in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas.
        Mod Pathol. 2018; 31: 1332-1342
        • Senff N.J.
        • Willemze R.
        The applicability and prognostic value of the new TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: results on a large cohort of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and comparison with the system used by the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group.
        Br J Dermatol. 2007; 157: 1205-1211
        • Hallermann C.
        • Niermann C.
        • Fischer R.J.
        • et al.
        Survival data for 299 patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas: a monocentre study.
        Acta Derm Venereol. 2011; 91: 521-525
        • Bessell E.M.
        • Humber C.E.
        • O'Connor S.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in Nottinghamshire U.K.: prognosis of subtypes defined in the WHO-EORTC classification.
        Br J Dermatol. 2012; 167: 1118-1123
        • Grange F.
        • Joly P.
        • Barbe C.
        • et al.
        Improvement of survival in patients with primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, in France.
        JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150: 535-541
        • Child F.J.
        • Russell-Jones R.
        • Woolford A.J.
        • et al.
        Absence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
        Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144: 735-744
        • Zhou X.A.
        • Yang J.
        • Ringbloom K.G.
        • et al.
        Genomic landscape of cutaneous follicular lymphomas reveals 2 subgroups with clinically predictive molecular features.
        Blood Adv. 2021; 5: 649-661
        • Hoefnagel J.J.
        • Dijkman R.
        • Basso K.
        • et al.
        Distinct types of primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling.
        Blood. 2005; 105: 3671-3678
        • Cretella P.
        • Peluso A.L.
        • Picariello C.
        • et al.
        Immunohistochemical algorithms and gene expression profiling in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
        Pathol Res Pract. 2022; 231153804
        • Schrader A.M.R.
        • de Groen R.A.L.
        • Willemze R.
        • et al.
        Cell-of-origin classification using the Hans and Lymph2Cx algorithms in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas.
        Virchows Arch. 2022; 480: 667-675
        • Gros A.
        • Menguy S.
        • Bobée V.
        • et al.
        Integrative diagnosis of primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas supports the relevance of cell of origin profiling.
        PLoS One. 2022; 17e0266978
        • Szablewski V.
        • Dereure O.
        • René C.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous localization of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma may masquerade as B-cell lymphoma or classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a histologic diagnostic pitfall.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2019; 46: 102-110
        • Lee M.H.
        • Moon I.J.
        • Lee W.J.
        • et al.
        A case of cutaneous Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in an angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
        Ann Dermatol. 2016; 28: 789-791
        • Yang Q.X.
        • Pei X.J.
        • Tian X.Y.
        • et al.
        Secondary cutaneous Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature.
        Diagn Pathol. 2012; 7: 7
        • Poon F.
        • Ieremia E.
        • Collins G.
        • et al.
        Epstein–Barr virus–induced cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2019; 41: 927-930
        • Wahie S.
        • Dayala S.
        • Husain A.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous features of intravascular lymphoma.
        Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011; 36: 288-291
        • Feldmann R.
        • Schierl M.
        • Sittenthaler M.
        • et al.
        Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the skin: typical clinical manifestations and a favourable response to rituximab-containing therapy.
        Dermatology. 2009; 219: 344-346
        • Matsue K.
        • Abe Y.
        • Narita K.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: novel insights into clinicopathologic features from 42 patients at a single institution over 20 years.
        Br J Haematol. 2019; 187: 328-366
        • Rozenbaum D.
        • Tung J.
        • Xue Y.
        • et al.
        Skin biopsy in the diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.
        J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021; 85: 665-670
        • Cerroni L.
        • Zalaudek I.
        • Kerl H.
        Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma colonizing cutaneous hemangiomas.
        Dermatology. 2004; 209: 132-134
        • Schrader A.M.R.
        • Jansen P.N.
        • Willemze R.
        • et al.
        High prevalence of MYD88 and CD79B mutations in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.
        Blood. 2018; 131: 2086-2089
        • Bauer W.M.
        • Aichelburg M.C.
        • Griss J.
        • et al.
        Molecular classification of tumour cells in a patient with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.
        Br J Dermatol. 2018; 178: 215-221
        • Jordan L.B.
        • Lessells A.M.
        • Goodlad J.R.
        Plasmablastic lymphoma arising at a cutaneous site.
        Histopathology. 2005; 46: 113-115
        • Alaggio R.
        • Amador C.
        • Anagnostopoulos I.
        • et al.
        The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms.
        Leukemia. 2022; 36: 1720-1748
        • Campo E.
        • Jaffe E.S.
        • Cook J.R.
        • et al.
        The international consensus classification of mature lymphoid neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee.
        Blood. 2022; 140: 1229-1253
        • Nicol I.
        • Boye T.
        • CarsuzaaF
        • et al.
        Post-transplant plasmablastic lymphoma of the skin.
        Br J Dermatol. 2003; 149: 889-891
        • Samolitis J.
        • Bharadwaj J.S.
        • Weis J.R.
        • et al.
        Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder limited to the skin.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2004; 31: 453-457
        • Salama S.
        • Todd S.
        • Cina D.P.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous presentation of post-renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a series of four cases.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37: 641-653
        • Seçkin D.
        • Barete S.
        • Euvrard S.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case series.
        Am J Transplant. 2013; 13: 2146-2153
        • Koens L.
        • Senff N.J.
        • Vermeer M.H.
        • et al.
        Methotrexate-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders presenting in the skin: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypical study of 10 cases.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2014; 38: 999-1006
        • Garcia-Herrera A.
        • Song J.Y.
        • Chuang S.S.
        • et al.
        Nonhepatosplenic γ/δ T-cell lymphomas represent a spectrum of aggressive cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas with a mainly extranodal presentation.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2011; 35: 1214-1225
        • Rodriguez-Pinilla S.M.
        • Ortiz-Romero P.L.
        • Monsalvez V.
        • et al.
        TCR-γ expression in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2013; 37: 375-384
        • Lee D.E.
        • Martinez-Escala M.E.
        • Serrano L.M.
        • et al.
        Hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
        JAMA Dermatology. 2018; 154: 828-831
        • Guitart J.
        • Weisenburger D.D.
        • Subtil A.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphomas. A spectrum of presentations with overlap with other cytotoxic lymphomas.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2012; 36: 1656-1665
        • Swerdlow S.H.
        • Jaffee E.S.
        • Brousset P.
        • et al.
        Cytotoxic T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas: current questions and controversies.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2014; 38: e60-e71
        • Tripodo C.
        • Iannitto E.
        • Florena A.M.
        • et al.
        Gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas.
        Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009; 6: 707-717
        • Guitart J.
        • Martinez-Escala M.E.
        Gamma/delta T-cell in cutaneous and subcutaneous lymphoid infiltrates: malignant or not?.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2016; 43: 1242-1244
        • Omland S.H.
        • Gjerdrum L.M.
        • Walter L.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma positive for both T-cell receptor gamma and T-cell receptor beta.
        Pathol Case Rev. 2014; 19: 216-220
        • Patsatsi A.
        • Kolesta T.
        • Sotiriadis D.
        • et al.
        Silent T-cell lymphoma of gamma/delta T-cell origin initially presented as panniculitis.
        J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015; 29: 1244-1245
        • Agbay R.L.M.C.
        • Torres-Cabala C.A.
        • Patel K.P.
        • et al.
        Immunophenotypic shifts in primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma suggest antigentic modulation: a study of sequential biopsy specimens.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2017; 41: 431-445
        • Tomasini D.
        • Croci G.A.
        • Hotz A.
        • et al.
        Gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma with mycosis fungoides-like clinical course transforming to "T-cell-receptor-silent" aggressive lymphoma: description of one case.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2021; 48: 1197-1203
        • Kucuk C.
        • Jiang B.
        • Hu X.
        • et al.
        Activating mutations of STAT5B and STAT3 in lymphomas derived from γδ-T or NK cells.
        Nat Commun. 2015; 6: 6025
        • Daniels J.
        • Doukas P.G.
        • Escala M.E.M.
        • et al.
        Cellular origins and genetic landscape of cutaneous gamma delta T cell lymphomas.
        Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 1806
        • Toro J.R.
        • Liewehr D.J.
        • Pabby N.
        • et al.
        Gamma-delta T-cell phenotype is associated with significantly decreased survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
        Blood. 2003; 101: 3407-3412
        • Merrill E.D.
        • Agbay R.
        • Miranda R.N.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas showing gamma-delta phenotype and predominnalty epidermotropic pattern are clinicopathologically distinct from classic primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphomas.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2017; 41: 204-215
        • Kempf W.
        • Kazakov D.V.
        • Scheidegger P.E.
        • et al.
        Two cases of primary cutaneous lymphoma with a γ/δ+ phenotype and an indolent course.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 570-577
        • Goyal A.
        • O'Leary D.
        • Duncan L.M.
        The significance of epidermal involvement in primary cutaneous gamma/delta (γδ) T-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2021; 48: 1449-1454
        • Martinez-Escala M.E.
        • Sidiropoulos M.
        • Deonizio J.
        • et al.
        γδ T-cell-rich variants of pityriasis lichenoides and lymphomatoid papulosis: benign cutaneous disorders to be distinguished from aggressive cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphomas.
        Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172: 372-379
        • Martin S.M.
        • Fowers R.
        • Saavedra A.P.
        • et al.
        A reactive peripheral gamma-detla T-cell lymphoid proliferation after a tick bite.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2019; 41: e73-e75
        • Pulitzer M.
        • Geller S.
        • Kumar E.
        • et al.
        T-cell receptor-δ expression and γ/δ+ T-cell infiltrates in primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma and other cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
        Histopathology. 2018; 73: 653-662
        • Bosisio F.
        • Boi S.
        • Caputo V.
        • et al.
        Lobular panniculitic infiltrates with overlapping histopathologic features of lupus panniculitis (lupus profundus) and subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a conceptual and practical dilemma.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2015; 39: 206-211
        • Massone C.
        • Crisman G.
        • Kerl H.
        • et al.
        The prognosis of early mycosis fungoides is not influenced by phenotype and T-cell clonality.
        Br J Dermatol. 2008; 159: 881-886
        • Hosler G.A.
        • Liegeois N.
        • Anhalt G.J.
        • et al.
        Transformation of cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma following 15 years of indolent behavior.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2008; 35: 1063-1067
        • Alexander R.E.
        • Webb A.R.
        • Abuel-Haija M.
        • et al.
        Rapid progression of primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma with an initial indolent clinical presentation.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 839-842
        • Ferrier A.
        • Soong L.
        • Alabdulsalam A.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis of gamma/delta mycosis fungoides requires longitudinal clinical observation.
        J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021; 85: 1352-1353
        • Jour G.
        • Aung P.P.
        • Merrill E.D.
        • et al.
        Differential expression of CCR4 in primary cutaneous gamma/delta (γ⁄δ) T cell lymphomas and mycosis fungoides: significance for diagnosis and therapy.
        J Dermatol Sci. 2018; 89: 88-91
        • Geller S.
        • Hollmann T.J.
        • Horwitz S.M.
        • et al.
        C-C chemokine receptor 4 expression in CD8+ cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders, and its implications for diagnosis and treatment.
        Histopathology. 2020; 76: 222-232
        • Bastidas Torres A.N.
        • Cats D.
        • Out-Luiting J.J.
        • et al.
        Deregulation of JAK2 signaling underlies primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma.
        Haematologica. 2022; 107: 702-714
        • Lee K.
        • Evans M.G.
        • Yang L.
        • et al.
        Primary cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas harbor recurrent targetable alterations in the JAK-STAT pathway.
        Blood. 2021; 138: 2435-2440
        • Hocker T.L.
        • Wada D.A.
        • McPhail E.D.
        • et al.
        Relapsed hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma heralded by a solitary skin nodule.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2011; 38: 899-904
        • Santonja C.
        • Carrasco L.
        • Pérez-Sáenz M.L.Á.
        • et al.
        A skin plaque preceding systemic relapse of gamma-delta hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2020; 42: 364-367
        • Karpate A.
        • Barcena C.
        • Hohl D.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous presentation of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a potential mimicker of primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma.
        Virchows Arch. 2016; 469: 591-596
        • Geller S.
        • Myskowski P.L.
        • Pulitzer M.
        NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, γδ T-cell lymphoma, and CD8-positive epidermotropic T-cell lymphoma-clinical and histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment.
        Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018; 37: 30-38
        • Guitart J.
        • Martinez-Escala M.E.
        • Subtil A.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas: reappraisal of a provisional entity in the 2016 WHO classification of cutaneous lymphomas.
        Mod Pathol. 2017; 30: 761-772
        • Fanoni D.
        • Corti L.
        • Alberti-Violetti S.
        • et al.
        Array-based CGH of primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive EPIDERMO-tropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma.
        Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2018; 57: 622-629
        • Robson A.
        • Assaf C.
        • Bagot M.
        • et al.
        Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma: a cutaneous lymphoma with distinct clinical and pathological features. Report of an EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force Workshop.
        Histopathology. 2015; 67: 425-441
        • Berti E.
        • Tomasini D.
        • Vermeer M.H.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous CD8-positive epidermotropic cytotoxic T cell lymphomas. A distinct clinicopathological entity with an aggressive clinical behaviour.
        Am J Pathol. 1999; 155: 483-492
        • Haghighi B.
        • Smoller B.R.
        • LeBoit P.E.
        • et al.
        Pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease): an immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinicopathologic study.
        Mod Pathol. 2000; 13: 502-510
        • Mourtzinos N.
        • Puri P.K.
        • Wang G.
        • et al.
        CD4/CD8 double negative pagetoid reticulosis: a case report and literature review.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37: 491-496
        • Hagen J.W.
        • Magro C.M.
        Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the face with eyelid involvement.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 137-141
        • Suchak R.
        • O’Connor S.
        • McNamara C.
        • et al.
        Indolent CD8-positive lymphoid proliferation on the face: part of the spectrum of primary cutaneous small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma or a distinct entity?.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37: 977-981
        • Kempf W.
        • Kazakov D.V.
        • Cozzio A.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous CD8(+) small- to medium-sized lymphoproliferative disorder in extrafacial sites: clinicopathologic features and concept on their classification.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2013; 35: 159-166
        • Greenblatt D.
        • Ally M.
        • Child F.
        • et al.
        Indolent CD8(+) lymphoid proliferation of acral sites: a clinicopathologic study of six patients with some atypical features.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2013; 40: 248-258
        • Li J.Y.
        • Guitart J.
        • Pulitzer M.P.
        • et al.
        Multicenter case series of indolent small/medium-sized CD8+ lymphoid proliferations with predilection for the ear and face.
        Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 402-408
        • Weaver J.
        • Mahindra A.K.
        • Pohlman B.
        • et al.
        Non-mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: reclassification according to the WHO-EORTC classification.
        J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37: 516-524
        • Takata K.
        • Hong M.E.
        • Sitthinamsuwan P.
        • et al.
        Primary cutaneous NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and CD56-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a cellular lineage and clinicopathologic study of 60 patients from Asia.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2015; 39: 1-12
        • Pongpruttipan T.
        • Sukpanichnant S.
        • Assanasen T.
        • et al.
        Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, includes cases of natural killer cell and αβ, γδ, and αβ/γδ T-cell origin: a comprehensive clinicopathologic and phenotypic study.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2012; 36: 481-499
        • Montes-Mojarro I.A.
        • Kim W.Y.
        • Fend F.
        • et al.
        Epstein-Barr virus positive T and NK-cell lymphoproliferations: morphological features and differential diagnosis.
        Semin Diagn Pathol. 2020; 37: 32-46
        • Mraz-Gernhard S.
        • Natkunam Y.
        • Hoppe R.T.
        • et al.
        Natural killer/natural killer-like T-cell lymphoma, CD56+, presenting in the skin: an increasingly recognized entity with an aggressive course.
        J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19: 2179-2188
        • Ahn H.K.
        • Suh C.
        • Chuang S.S.
        • et al.
        Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma from skin or soft tissue: suggestion of treatment from multinational retrospective analysis.
        Ann Oncol. 2012; 23: 2703-2707
        • Yu J.B.
        • Zuo Z.
        • Tang Y.
        • et al.
        Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases in China.
        Hum Pathol. 2009; 40: 807-816
        • Bekkenk M.W.
        • Jansen P.M.
        • Meijer C.J.
        • et al.
        CD56+ hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin: a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature.
        Ann Oncol. 2004; 15: 1097-1108
        • Suzuki R.
        • Suzumiya J.
        • Yamaguchi M.
        • et al.
        NK-cell Tumor Study Group. Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms: aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type.
        Ann Oncol. 2010; 21: 1032-1040
        • Hsieh P.P.
        • Tung C.L.
        • Chan A.B.
        • et al.
        EBV viral load in tumor tissue is an important prognostic indicator for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 2007; 128: 579-584
        • Tajima S.
        • Takanashi Y.
        • Koda K.
        • et al.
        Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma arising in the lungs.
        Pathol Int. 2015; 65: 661-665
        • Barrionuevo C.
        • Anderson V.M.
        • Zevallos-Giampietri E.
        • et al.
        Hydroa-like cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 16 pediatric cases from Peru.
        Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2002; 10: 7-14
        • Marchetti M.A.
        • Pulitzer M.P.
        • Myskowski P.L.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous manifestations of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a single-center, retrospective study.
        J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 293-301
        • Qayyum S.
        • Choi J.K.
        Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014; 138: 282-286
        • Wada T.
        • Yoshinaga E.
        • Oiso N.
        • et al.
        Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with follicular mucinosis.
        J Dermatol. 2009; 36: 638-642
        • Yao J.
        • Gottesman S.R.
        • Ayalew G.
        • et al.
        Loss of Foxp3 is associated with CD30 expression in the anaplastic large cell subtype of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in US/Caribbean patients: potential therapeutic implications for CD30 antibody-mediated therapy.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2013; 37: 1407-1412
        • Takeda S.
        • Maeda M.
        • Morikawa S.
        • et al.
        Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells.
        Inr J Cancer. 2004; 109: 559-567
        • Satou Y.
        • Yasunaga J.
        • Yoshida M.
        • et al.
        HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103: 720-725
        • Wang w
        • Zhou J.
        • Shi J.
        • et al.
        Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax-deregulated autophagy pathway and c-FLIP expression contribute to resistance against death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
        J Virol. 2014; 88: 2786-2798
        • Yamada K.
        • Miyoshi H.
        • Yoshida N.
        • et al.
        Human T-cell lymphotropic virus HBZ and tax mRNA expression are associated with specific clinicopathological features in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Mod Pathol. 2021; 34: 314-326
        • Kataoka K.
        • Nagata Y.
        • Kitanaka A.
        • et al.
        Integrated molecular analysis of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Nat Genet. 2015; 47: 1304-1315
        • Vicente C.
        • Cools J.
        The genomic landscape of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Nat Genet. 2015; 47: 1226-1227
        • Kataoka K.
        • lwanaga M.
        • Yasunaga J.I.
        • et al.
        Prognostic relevance of integrated genetic profiling in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Blood. 2018; 131: 215-225
        • Amano M.
        • Setoyama M.
        • Grant A.
        • et al.
        Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection: dermatological implications.
        Int J Dermatol. 2011; 50: 915-920
        • Hurabielle C.
        • Battistella M.
        • Ram-Wolff C.
        • et al.
        Cutaneous presentation of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Single-center study on 37 patients in metropolitan France between 1996 and 2016.
        Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2018; 145: 405-412
        • Setoyama M.
        • Katahira Y.
        • Kanzaki T.
        Clinicopathologic analysis of 124 cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with cutaneous manifestations: the smouldering type with skin manifestations has a poorer prognosis than previously thought.
        J Dermatol. 1999; 26: 785-790
        • Sawada Y.
        • Hino R.
        • Hama K.
        • et al.
        Type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic indicator for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Blood. 2011; 117: 3961-3967
        • Yamaguchi T.
        • Ohshima K.
        • Karube K.
        • et al.
        Clinicopathological features of cutaneous lesions of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
        Br J Dermatol. 2005; 152: 76-81
        • Hashikawa K.
        • Yasumoto S.
        • Nakashima K.
        • et al.
        Microarray analysis of gene expression by microdissected epidermis and dermis in mycosis fungoides and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
        Int J Oncol. 2014; 45: 1200-1208
        • Iqbal J.
        • Wright G.
        • Wang C.
        • et al.
        Lymphoma Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project and the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project. Gene expression signatures delineate biological and prognostic subgroups in peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
        Blood. 2014; 123: 2915-2923